#e <t>union<d>843<n>Scots and Picts unite<c>Scotland<info>Kenneth MacAlpin, king of the Scots, takes the Pict throne and unites the two into the kingdom of Alba, or Scotia.
// 10th century
// 11th century
#p <nat>Scottish<o>king<n>Macbeth<ac>1040<d>1057
#p <nat>Scottish<o>king<n>Malcolm III<b>1031(1)<ac>1058<d>1093 Nov 13/*<fa>Duncan I*/<c>Scotland<info>Malcolm lived in exile until he defeated and killed Macbeth in 1057. He succeeded to the throne in 1058 after the death of Lulach, Macbeth's stepson. Malcolm founded the house of Canmore, which ruled Scotland for more than 200 years.
// 12th century
// 13th century
#p <nat>Scottish<o>rebel<n>William Wallace<b>1272(1)<d>1305<info>Sir William Wallace was a Scottish patriot and national hero. He was executed by the English in 1305.
#e <t><d>1298<n>Wallace defeated<c>Scotland<info>William Wallace opposed English rule, but was defeated by Edward.
// 14th century
#e <t><d>1304<n>Scottish barons submit to Edward<c>Scotland
#e <t>battle<d>1314<n>Bannockburn<c>Scotland<info>Edward II invades Scotland but suffers a heavy defeat at the battle of Bannockburn, where vastly outnumbered Scots under King Robert the Bruce ensure the survival of the Scottish kingdom.
// 15th century
#p <nat>Scottish<o>king<n>James IV<b>1473 Mar 17<ac>1488<d>1513 Sep 9<info>James IV succeeded his father, James III. Continuing Scotland's pro-French diplomacy, James, beginning in 1495, supported Perkin Warbeck's claims to the English throne. Border clashes with England followed, but in 1497 the two countries signed a seven-year truce. The truce was strengthened in 1503 when James married Margaret Tudor, the daughter of Henry VII of England. This union prepared the way for the ultimate succession of a Stuart to the English throne. In 1512, however, Scotland renewed its French alliance, and when Henry VIII invaded France in 1513, James marched into northern England. He was defeated and killed in the Battle of Flodden. James was succeeded by his son, James V.<ref>Grolier
// 16th century
#p <nat>Scottish<o>king<n>James V<b>1512 Apr 10<d>1542 Dec 14<ac>1513<fa>James IV<info>James V was the seventh Stuart king of Scotland, the son of James IV. In 1514, James V's mother, Margaret Tudor, daughter of England's Henry VII, married Archibald Douglas, 6th earl of Angus. John Stuart, duke of Albany, became regent, and a power struggle ensued among factions controlled by Albany, Angus, and Margaret. For a time, Angus, a pro-English Protestant supporter, held James prisoner (1526-28). When James reached his majority, he sided with Scotland's pro-French Catholic faction against the English. On January 1, 1537, he married Madeleine, the daughter of Francis I of France, and received a large dowry. She died the following July, and James married Mary of Guise in 1538. His aggressive, vindictive policies lost him the support of the nobility, weakening his army and contributing to his defeat by the English at Solway Moss in 1542. Soon after this battle, he died at Falkland Palace, leaving a week-old daughter, Mary Queen of Scots, to succeed him.
#p <nat>Scottish<o>queen<n>Mary Queen of Scots<sur>Mary Queen of Scots<aka>Mary Stuart<b>1542 Dec 8<ac>1542 Dec 14<depo>1567 Jul 24<d>1587 Feb 8<fa>James V<mo>Marie de Guise<c>Scotland<mov>1548<c>France<dep>1561 Jul(1)<arr>1561 Aug 19<c>Scotland<mov>1568<c>England<info>Mary was the great-granddaughter of Henry VII. Her parents were James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise. Six days after her birth her father died, and she became queen of Scotland. From her infancy, Scotland's rival pro-English and pro-French factions plotted to gain control of Mary. Her French mother was chosen as regent, however, and she sent Mary to France in 1548 where Mary lived as part of the French royal family. In April 1558 she married the dauphin, Francis; she secretly agreed to bequeath Scotland to France if she should die without a son. In July 1559, Francis succeeded his father, becoming King Francis II, and Mary became queen of France as well as of Scotland. Many Roman Catholics also recognized Mary Stuart as queen of England after Mary I died and the Protestant Elizabeth I succeeded her. Mary Stuart's claim to the English throne was based on the fact that she was the granddaughter of Margaret Tudor, sister of Henry VIII (who was Elizabeth's father). To the Roman Catholics, Mary's claim appeared stronger than Elizabeth's because they viewed Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn as illegal. Mary's husband Francis II died in December 1560. Mary, 17 years old, was left in a difficult position. Unwilling to stay in France and live under the domination of her mother-in-law, Catherine de Medicis, she decided to return to Scotland. Arriving in 1561, she tried to placate the Protestant reformers and befriend Elizabeth. She married her first cousin Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, in 1565. Her marriage with Darnley soured, and she refused him the right to succeed if she died without issue. Alone and disappointed, Mary turned to her Italian secretary, David Riccio, for comfort and advice. On March 9, 1566, a group of Protestant lords, acting with the support of Darnley, murdered Riccio in Mary's presence at Holyrood Palace. Mary was six months pregnant at the time. In Edinburgh Castle, estranged from her husband and his allies, she gave birth to a son, James (later James I of England). By the end of 1566, Mary had befriended James Hepburn, earl of Bothwell, and was seeking a way to dissolve her marriage with Darnley. It seems unlikely, however, that Mary was aware of the actual plot to eliminate her husband. On February 10, 1567, Darnley was murdered; the circumstances of his death to this day remain a mystery. At the time, Bothwell was believed to be the chief instigator. Nevertheless, he was acquitted after a brief trial. In April, Mary went off with Bothwell (perhaps a victim of abduction). Early in May he obtained a divorce from his wife, and on May 15, 1567, he and Mary were wed according to the Protestant rite. These events alienated even some of Mary's closest supporters. The nobles, many of whom disliked Bothwell, banded together to face Mary and her new husband at Carberry. The queen was forced to surrender, and Bothwell fled. Mary was imprisoned at Lochleven Castle and was compelled to abdicate in favour of her son James. Mary escaped from the castle and immediately rallied a large force behind her. They engaged in battle at Langside on May 13, 1568, and were soundly beaten by the army led by the Protestant lords. Mary left Scotland and went to England to beg support from her cousin Elizabeth. Mary was imprisonned in England for nearly 19 years, never returning to Scotland. While she was in prison, plots by English Roman Catholics and foreign agents evolved around her, and there was concern for the safety of Elizabeth. The Babington plot, which called for the assassination of Elizabeth, was formed to trap Mary. Mary was found guilty of complicity and sentenced to be beheaded. Although reluctant to execute her cousin, Elizabeth gave the order that was carried out at Fotheringhay Castle on February 8, 1587. Mary was buried at Peterborough. After her son James ascended the English throne, had her interred in Westminster Abbey.<ref>Grolier
// 17th century
#p <nat>Scottish<o>prince<n>James Francis Stuart<b>1688<d>1766<sur>James Stuart<fa>James II<info>Prince of Wales
// 18th century
#p <nat>Scottish<o>prince<n>Charles Edward Stuart<b>1720<d>1788<sur>Charles Stuart<aka>Bonnie Prince Charlie<fa>James Francis Stuart
#e <t>union<d>1707<n>England and Scotland unite<c>Great Britain<info>The Scots' failure to accept the Hanoverian succession and the ensuing economic threats from London bring about the Act of Union between England and Scotland, creating the country of Great Britain. Scotland retains its legal and judicial system and its own church.
#e <t>rebellion<d>1745<e>1746<n>second Jacobite rebellion<c>Scotland<info>Headed by Prince Charles Edward Stuart, the rebellion ended at the battle of Culloden. This defeat led to the breakdown of the highland clan system. The English even ban the Scots from wearing the kilt, the use of tartan, or the gathering of the clans.
#e <t>battle<d>1746<n>Culloden<c>Inverness<info>The Scots were defeated at the battle of Culloden, ending the second Jacobite rebellion.
// 19th century
// 20th century
#e <t><d>1996<n>Stone of Scone returned<c>Scotland<info>The Stone of Scone, Scotland's coronation stone of ancient kings, is returned from London to Edinburgh Castle, 700 years after being stolen by Edward I.
#e <t>law<d>1999 May 6<n>Scottish and Welsh assemblies<c>Great Britain<info>Scotland elects its first Parliament in 300 years, and Wales elects its first Assembly.
